Cell Theory
- The advancement of technology brought about the discovery of cells. The better the technology the more discovery was made in terms all cell, and that is all science connected subjects.
- All living organisms are composed of cells
- The cell is the basic unit of life
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells
- Energy flow occurs within cells
- Heredity information (DNA) is passed down from cell to cell
- All cells have the same basic chemical composition
PROKARYOTE VS. EUKARYOTE
PROKARYOTE:
EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTE:
- Prokaryote is the first organism and bacteria is considered a prokaryote
- Prokaryote have the following:
- Cell Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosomes
- Cell Wall
- Circular DNA
- Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or a membrane bound organelles
EUKARYOTES
- Eukaryotes evolved after prokaryotes
- Types of Eukaryotes - plants, animal, fungi, protists
- Eukaryotes have the following:
- Cell Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
- Linear DNA
- Ribosomes
- and other Organelles
- mitochondria, chloroplast
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosome
- Centriole
Eukaryotic Organelles
- Prokaryotes are a much simpler organism that only have about five organelles;
- Cell wall
- Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Circular DNA
- Ribosomes
- Eukaryotes are more complicated and have a lot more organelles.
- Cytoplasm - Everything in a cell except the nucleus is the cytoplasm.
- Cell Membrane - Boundary of the cell and made of phospholipid bilayer, it regulates what goes in and out of the cell.
- Nucleus - controls the cell and also contains and protects the DNA
- Cytoskeleton - Acts as the skeleton and muscle of the cell, helps moves organelles around
- Centriole - aids in cell division
- Endoplasmic reticulum - ROUGH ER have ribosomes and it is the site of protein synthesis. SMOOTH ER is the site of lipid synthesis and where the golgi apparatus is located
- Ribosome - Protein synthesis
- Golgi Apparatus - Stores, modifies and packages proteins. The protein is packed up in vesicle and it is put on there.
- Lysosomes - Recycling center of the cell, contains digestive enzymes that break down worn out cell parts, large molecules and wastes.
- Mitochondria - Provides the cell with Energy.
- Only in Plant cells:
- Chloroplasts - found in plant cells and some protists, contain chlorophyll and it is the site of photosynthesis (makes sugar)
- Cell Wall - Found in plant, fungi, and bacterial cells. It is a rigid protective barrier that is located outside of the cell membrane.
- Vacuoles - It can contain waste material, water, it also storages other things that the plant would need
- Animal cells have vacuoles but they are much smaller than the one in plants
Cell Membrane
- Cell membrane is made of phospholipid.
- Phosphorous head likes water
- Lipid tail does not like water
- So the phospholipid will arrange itself so that the lipid tail does not touch water in which they will make a double layer of phospholipid.
Types of Diffusion
- Cell membrane lets things in like; water, protein amino acid, sugar, oxygen.
- Though cell membrane also need to let things out such as; salt, waste, and protein for the body.
TYPES OF DIFFUSION
Simple Diffusion : Where a substance passes by a membrane without a protein channel or energy.
Facilitated Diffusion: Where a substance passes through a membrane with a protein channel but without energy.
Active Transport: Where a substance passes through a membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration using a protein channel and with energy (ATP)
Osmosis: Diffusion from high to low concentration of water across a membrane.
Cells put in different solutions:
Cell put in Isotonic Solution: Water goes in and out of the cell equally because it is in equilibrium (equal)
Cell put in Hypertonic Solution: There is more water outside of the cell than inside of the cell. The water will go inside the cell until the cell takes in so much water that it could burst.
Cell put in Hypotonic Solution: There is more water inside the cell than outside the cell. The water will want to leave the cell to make it equilibirum, water will exit so much that the cell will shrink.
The Cell Cycle
- The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication, replication of the cell
- G1 - When the cells are growing and going through their own activity
- S - DNA is replicated
- G2 - Cell is growing again to accommodate and prepare themselves for mitosis
- All of that is Interphase.
Mitosis
Prophase - Chromatin turns into chromosomes and the centrioles move to opposite poles. The nuclear membrane disintegrates.
Metaphase - The spindle fibers start to attach to the middle of the chromosome and the chromosomes start to align themselves
Anaphase - The chromosomes starts to separate.
Telophase - The chromosomes are separated and the nuclear membrane start to reform and the cell starts to break apart
Cytokinesis - The cells form two new cells.
Prophase - Chromatin turns into chromosomes and the centrioles move to opposite poles. The nuclear membrane disintegrates.
Metaphase - The spindle fibers start to attach to the middle of the chromosome and the chromosomes start to align themselves
Anaphase - The chromosomes starts to separate.
Telophase - The chromosomes are separated and the nuclear membrane start to reform and the cell starts to break apart
Cytokinesis - The cells form two new cells.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
- The process of photosynthesis is a chemical reaction.
- Chemical Reaction of photosynthesis: Carbon Dixode + water +Light Energy --------> Glucose + Oxygen
- Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts and the chlorophyll takes in light energy.
- Steps of photosynthesis
- Plant capture light energy and use that energy to make glucose
- Sunlight provides the energy needed by cholorphyll to change molecules of carbon dioxide and water into glucose
- Oxygen is also released.
- Carbon dioxide enter the leaf through holes called stomata
- The sugar is moved through tubes in the leafs to the roots, stems and also fruits.
- Some of the sugar is used right away, but some is stored as starch and built into plant tissues.
Cellular Respiration
- The release of of chemical energy for use by cells.
- An organism takes the chemical energy that was made by the plants into a form that can be used by organism.
- The breakdown of glucose molecules to release energy.
- Chemical Reaction for respiration: Glucose + Oxygen ---------> Carbon Dioxide + Water